Gasoline Direct Injection – Although not specifically mentioned in the latest GF-5 Needs Statement, nearly all automakers currently have at least one vehicle using GDI engine technology, and CAR estimates that the market penetration of GDI engines will increase from 12% of new vehicles sold in 2011 to nearly 20% in 20169, since GDI can provide 5-10% better fuel economy (10-15% better with turbocharging), and better driving performance, than conventional gasoline engines. GDI engines have shown an increased level of oil contamination by soot, resulting in engine durability and performance issues such as increased timing chain wear and elongation. This issue was raised by JAMA (Japanese Automobile Manufacturers Association) late in the development of ILSAC GF-4, resulting in the adoption of a minimum phosphorus limit (0.06%) for GF-4. It was expected that a Valve Chain Wear test would be developed for GF-5 to address this concern.